Tuesday, 17 February 2015

Film Consumption and Production

In the modern day, there are a number of ways that film can be both consumed and produced due to the plethora of technology available today that allows easy viewing of existing films as well as provides a simple medium to produce them, in comparison to fifty years ago, for example. Technological convergence, the combining or merging of more than one piece of technology into a single device, is one way that technology has advanced in order to allow this. For example, the adaption of a mobile telephone to contain a camera. As technology continues to advances, such as in this way, we have more and more platforms available to us allowing for a more convenient and accessible means to watch and create media such as film. This is known as Proliferation of Hardware (The rapid increase in the number of available technology.) Steven Spielberg suggests that "at some point, a slew of mega-productions will flop all at once and Hollywood will be forced into a dramatic change. Including movie-going becoming, rarer and a more expensive occasion, and most movies coming to us via online services,".

Firstly, a proliferation of hardware means that viewers can consume film in a number of different ways in the modern day. This contrasts with how society would respond to the release of films in the pre-digital age. Previously, audiences would not have instant and convenient access to new and even past film productions. Instead, they would have to wait until the release of the film, when it was shown in the cinema. This not only meant that their viewing of the film couldn't be revolved around their own lives, but also that the film could only be watched once and the experience couldn't be repeated. Although this is partly true for new releases today, as cinemas are still an important exhibitor in today's society, there are now a huge array of devices that allow instant and repeated access to films. This is reflected by DVD sales being responsible for 85% of movie sales. The DVD was introduced in 1995, allowing repeated acess to films. Over time, more and more devices were introduced that allowed DVD's to be played, beginning with the DVD player and then advancing to games consoles and PC's, allowing further availability to consumers. Following this, the blu-ray disc was created a year later. The principle of this technology was the same as the DVD, however, Blu-ray's allow for a higher quality viewing, now encoding films in 1080p and 4K resolution, with surround sound and generally stronger detailing. This made for a better viewing experience for the consumer. However, the main constraint with both of these technologies is that although films can be watched repeatedly and at a high quality, there is still a period of time between a cinema release of a film and the DVD or Blu-Ray being released, allowing maximum profit to be obtained by exhibition companies.

Following this, films began to be made available through internet devices. This became increasingly popular as the internet expanded and and so many devices became capable of accessing the internet. Nowadays, many technologies have internet access, such as Smart TV's, smartphones, games consoles, PC's and tablets. This means that consumers are usually never far away from a device that they can watch films through, rendering these forms of consumption some of the most convenient, as the viewer can watch when it suits them, or even 'on-the-go' with many portable devices, and with the rise of 3 and 4G - a mobile communications standard that allows mobile phones, computers and other electronic devices to access the internet wirelessly. There are many different platforms available on the internet that show films, whether they may be at a price or free for the user. The first of these platforms are streaming networks. These are sites that allow users to view films through internet websites limitlessly, usually for a small cost. The most popular of these are Netflix, the world’s leading Internet television network with over 57 million members in nearly 50 countries enjoying more than two billion hours of TV shows and movies per month, and Amazon Prime, which offers is a similar service and was previously known as LoveFilm. The total market for these on Demand sites was £243m in 2012 and now the figure far exceeds this. These sites usually offer a wide variety of films, including documentaries and series. However, often, new releases are slow to be shown on these sites. In addition, these sites can often exploit production companies, as they will not be paid per viewing as they would with the box office, instead they will be paid a one off fee for rights to the film. Meaning that the distribution of the film on these sites is no longer as controlled. There are many benefits of online streaming for the consumer. Firstly, due to the proliferation of hardware, as aforementioned, there are many devices that are capable of streaming these films through their internet access. Due to the convenience that this allows, streaming websites have proven to be one of the largest platforms for film consumption in the modern day, as users can watch unlimited films when and wherever they please.

Also, there are many networks available that allow consumers to buy one off films, rather than using the internet for films on a subscription basis. An example of this is iTunes, Apple's digital store, which sells a wide range of movies, priced cheaper than DVD retail prices. However, these are only mostly only rentals and can only be watched within a 24-hour period, before the movie expires. Although this is a big negative, an advantage is that the movie can be transferred across all of the consumers devices within this 24 period, meaning that the movie can be watched on a computer, smartphone, tablet or smart tv etc. If the film is wanted permanently, the store offers this at a slightly higher cost. Other online services also offer similar services such as SkyGo and YouTube, which sells films officially as well as allowing uploads of independent users.

Another popular means of film consumption is through illegal file downloads. This means that a film that would usually be paid for is downloaded and then watched at no cost, from an illegal website or torrent host. For consumers, this is extremely cost-effective (as it's free) and also relatively easy. Once the file has been downloaded, they can be spread across all of their modern smart devices also, meaning that the actual film viewing can be viewed across a variety of platforms, due to the proliferation of hardware, making it once again hugely convenient for the consumer. However, people that are partaking in this activity are running a risk, as the process in illegal, and can result in prosecution, although this is uncommon. All producers, distributors and exhibitors will suffer from customers illegally downloading film, as none of them are generating any revenue from the consumer, making it harder for them to generate a profit when their costs are accounted for.

A common misconception is that cinema is in a strong decline due to the proliferation of hardware and content. Figures from the box office contradict this however, suggesting that over the past years, cinema admissions have been rising, with figures from 2011 to 2012 increasing by 24%. The cinema is still a huge market, as the number of cinemas is also increasing. There are many possible reasons as to why there is still a big demand for cinema viewings. Firstly, modern day cinemas offer an unrivalled viewing experience. This is due to the large high-resolution screen and good quality sound system that is available. These make the audience feel more involved in the film, as it appears more realistic. Furthermore, some cinemas now even offer VIP and premium seats, where customers can enjoy more comfortable seating at a higher cost. Also, some cinemas are beginning to introduce a '3-D' and even a '4-Dimensional' viewing experience, where audience members are seated in chairs that move, vibrate and provide physical effects to match onscreen visuals and audio. This further enhances the images onscreen, one again making for a better quality film viewing experience for the consumer. Although, each of these are priced higher than regular tickets, consumers are able to experience films that they are unable to view in an at all the same way that they are in these types of cinemas, making the extra value added worthwhile. As discussed earlier however, there are disadvantages to attending the cinema to see a movie. Firstly, prices can be very high when coupled with food prices, and also, viewers can only view the film once and at the time suited to the cinema, not to their own lifestyles, contrasting to many internet-based alternatives.

Proliferation of hardware and content and technological convergence also means that producers and prosumers can create media with relative ease. The wide range of technology that can aid in media production such as film encourages creative use of these products and can inspire anyone to create films, usually on a small scale, due to the ease of production that new technology offer. Firstly, due to technological convergence many modern devices offer applications that can see a media piece from pre-production to exhibition. Many devices will have a camera built in for example, that allows videoing. This means that anybody with one of these possessions can create a video piece. Also the fact that so many of them are portable means that producers can be opportunistic and can also shoot 'on-the-go'. Some examples of devices that would be capable of this would be smartphones, tablets and laptops.

In the modern day, more advanced or specialist technologies are also available to the wider population. Digital cameras or handheld video cameras are priced relatively cheaply and offer a better visual and audio quality than most smartphones. For slightly higher price still, producers can buy DSLR's (digital single-lens reflex cameras). These will offer a better quality visual and audio still. At the top end of this range of cameras, a similar quality picture may be obtainable to many cinema productions, shooting in 4K and 1080p resolution. This means that a professional level of film can be acquired by new or amateur producers. Many of these devices allow easy file transfer, through the use of Wi-Fi for example, increasing the convenience for the user. After file transfer, the producer can complete their media product post-production. This is also hugely accessible due to the technologies that are made readily available to the public. For example, many free applications offer editing devices and can be used on a multitude of devices, including computers and even smartphones and tablets. Furthermore, industry standard editing software is still obtainable to the public for relatively small prices, in comparison to in the past, where industry standard software was hard to come by and amateur users would not have the technology required to use it.

Finally, film makers can also use technology to distribute their films after completing the production process. The internet hosts a wide array of video sharing websites such as YouTube, and Vimeo. Furthermore, many social networking platforms also allow video uploading. This is a particularly good method for small scale producers to use to distribute their films, as they can easily appeal to a vast audience and get many people interested in their project. However, a disadvantage is that by doing this they are less likely to earn money from their film as they will be showcasing it for free viewing.

Monday, 9 February 2015

Disney Homework

Disney

The Walt Disney Company, also known as Disney, in terms of it's income the world's second largest mass media broadcasting company in the world, after Comcast, another American mass media company. The Walt Disney Company create a variety of both physical products media products, such as television shows, films, music, theme parks, radio products and web portals but are best known for their family-orientated film and television. Currently, the company's gross revenue stands at $48.81bn and their assets are valued at $84.19bn, showing the huge success of the company.

Disney was founded on October 16th, 1923 by brothers Walt and Roy O. Disney, who were born in Chicago, Illinois but later grew up together in Kansas City. The project began when Walt Disney began to create a series of animations known as "Alice Comedies", with Ub Iwerks, a fellow animator that Walt met whilst studying at Kansas Art Institue. This project was being additionally financed by Roy O. Disney. Eventually, "Alice Comedies" lost popularity as did Walt and Ub. By then however, the two were already working on a new animated character, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, which was hugely successful until 1928, when they had the rights for the work stolen from them. A short time after this, Walt Disney was doodling on the train, when he created two mouse cartoons, that later went on to be Mickey and Minnie Mouse. After years of development and success with these characters, Walt started The Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio with Roy, which soon established itself as the leading American animation company before diversifying into live-action film production, television and theme parks. Throughout this time the company had several names: The Walt Disney Studio, Walt Disney Productions and then finally, The Walt Disney Company in 1986 following Walt's death in 1966. To this day the company remains very successful.

From the reputable company image that Disney built up over the years, the first Disney theme park was built and created in 1955, in California, under the supervision of Walt Disney himself. However, he passed away in 1966, so wasn't able to follow the success of the park. Following this, many other Disney theme parks were built such as in Tokyo, Florida, Paris and Shanghai. Disneyland has a larger cumulative attendance than any other theme park in the world, with over 650 million guests since it opened. In 2013 the park hosted approximately 16.2 million guests, making it the third most visited park in the world that calendar year. 

Another example of a hugely successful area is Disney television. Disney have their own dedicated channel known as 'The Disney Channel', which was first aired in 1983. The channel is available to approximately 98,142,000 pay television households (85.94% of households with at least one television set) in the United States. Originally, Disney Channel was mostly marketed to a family audience, followed by a younger audience in the 1990's, but it now includes older children and teens. In addition to the main Disney Channel, Disney also caters for it's younger viewers with Disney Channel Junior, which targets children aged 2 - 7, and Disney XD, targeting children aged 7-14. This means that most age groups are covered, reflecting one of the reasons why it is so successful. According to the Internet Movie Database, the most successful Disney Channel shows in terms of ratings are Even Stevens, That's So Raven and the Suite Life of Zack and Cody.


Disney is most known for it's renowned family movies. Currently, Disney have worked on 492 movies, many of which have grossed very highly. The majority of the highest-grossing animated films are Disney movies or have had huge involvement with the Walt Disney Company during the production or distribution of the films. For example, the highest grossing is Frozen, receiving $1,279,852,693, next is Toy Story 3 which grossed at $1,063,171,911 and after this The Lion King, which received $987,483,777. There are many reasons for the huge successes of Disney's films, however the effective marketing of the films is responsible for much of it.


As aforementioned, the 2013 film with a $150,000,000 budget, Frozen, is currently Disney's highest ever grossing movie. Frozen is a fantasy story of character Anna and her friends as they attempt to rid Anna's home of a spell, casted by her sister Elsa, which creates an eternal winter. On the film's opening weekend it took $67,391,326 in the USA at the box office and a further £4,704,940 in the UK. In total, the film has grossed $1,279,852,693, exceeding it's budget by $1,129,852,693. This makes Frozen the 5th highest grossing film of all time and the highest grossing animated movie. In order for the release of Frozen to be such a success, it relied heavily upon the marketing from the distribution team Walt Disney Motion Pictures, Disney's dedicated distribution company (again this reflect's the breadth and enormity of the company). A big part of this marketing campaign was through partnership with other companies, allowing for maximum exposure and awareness of the film's release.

One company that has helped increase the popularity of Frozen and that was therefore partly responsible for its huge gross was Apple. This was through the use of it's iTunes store, which has 800,000,000 customer accounts. The film Frozen contains numerous songs as a part of its narrative; the most well known being Let it Go, which received copious awards, such as a Grammy and Golden Globe award. Disney allowed iTunes the rights to sell and distribute a number of these songs, which raised awareness of the film a huge amount. Let It Go made over 3,000,000 sales and reached the top end of the music charts in most countries, due to it being published on the iTunes store. This almost had a viral effect on the song, as many people became aware of it. This meant that listeners were in turn made aware of the film, which increased it's popularity and awareness, meaning more people watched it. In addition to the music, the iTunes store also released an app based on the Frozen film, called 'Frozen Free Fall'. As people bought the app, it began to appear on the central App Store page, under the 'Popular' and 'Top Grossing' section. This raised awareness of the application as it meant that it could be seen by and advertised to people who hadn't searched for it specifically. This raised awareness of the film similarly to the way that the song releases encouraged a new audience to pay attention to the film release. Google Play, the application store for android also released the songs and apps, expanding the market further still.

Another internet-based company that Disney worked with was YouTube. They used Youtube's free video publishing as well as advertising service to their advantage due to it's huge potential audience. Disney released a free sing along version of some of the songs that it released on iTunes, receiving around 335,000,000 views. This created a sense of interactivity with the audience which was very effective as it allowed them to feel involved, and the fact that it was free for users meant that it could be played repeatedly for no cost. Also on YouTube, was the whole film available for purchase at £10.99. This is was a successful place to sell the film due to the huge market that it offers. Finally, Disney placed trailers for the film on YouTube prior to the film's release, which attracted lot's of attention from users.

Due to Frozen's main target audience being children, Disney collaborated with a range of companies to create and release a full range of Frozen merchandise, in the form of toys. This was done as the marketing executives at Disney realised that the characters Anna, Elsa and Olaf realised how popular the characters were likely to be. After the merchandise was created, Disney sold the rights to the products to Hasbro, an American multi-national toy and board game company. The public responded very well to this range of 200 toys and sales revenue reached £35million in the UK alone. This merchandise was so popular that Disney had to limit the number of toys available per person in many stores such as Toys R Us to only two. In addition to this, many companies got Disney's permission and then used Frozen's characters on their product packaging even when their products were completely unrelated or irrelevant to the film. For example, Loom Bands and Campbell's Soup. Many cheaper budget stores such as Poundland stocked products like this, as it meant that customers who couldn't obtain the coveted official Disney goods could access Frozen related products. This made the character's faces seem familiar to customers in shops, which again raised awareness of the film greatly.

In conclusion, Disney is a very large and successful organisation, who are responsible for the success of a plethora of films. Much of this success from films such as films comes from the strong marketing techniques that it uses, such as synergy and collaboration with other large companies in order to appeal to the largest market possible.




Monday, 2 February 2015

Ill Manors Marketing HW

Ill Manors is a soundtrack British crime movie, written, scored and directed by musician Plan B to compliment his new album, also called Ill Manors. The film was released on June 6th 2012, and was budgeted around £100,000 - which is extremely low for a Box office film. The release of the film was hugely successful, with box office proceeds reaching approximately £256,000 on the opening weekend and a total of £451,000 - profiting at over four times the estimated budget. In order for this film to be so successful, it relied heavily upon a marketing and promotion campaign from Revolver Entertainment Distribution that aroused much interest in it prior to the release.

Unlike many other films, Ill Manors had a headstart in terms of publicity and promotion. The reasoning for this is because the artist associated with the film, Plan B, released a precursor to the film in the form of an album. This meant that the success and attention off the back of the album was continued into the film's reception - the audience of the record were eager to watch the movie based on how much they enjoyed the album, and were expecting it to have the same effect on them, due to Plan B's association with it. The album was hugely successful, reaching UK no.1 album for a brief period of time, meaning that the existing fan base was already strong.

The first marketing tool that Revolver Entertainment adopted were promotional posters. The first posters were used to grab the public's attention and raise awareness of the films release. This is an effective introductory technique as poster usage is normally subtle, and not too overwhelming, whilst still providing the opportunity for audience speculation and excitement. There were 8 different posters designed for Ill Manors, however the most commonly used and most well known was the design with the main character, Aaron, holding a handgun, with Ill Manors written in white in the foreground, and a dingy grey sky in the back - mirroring the gloomy nature of the film. These posters were placed in various positions, such as on high-key billboards in Central London and in a variety of magazines. This use of mass marketing ensured that all demographics were accounted for when the film was marketed, and that there wasn't a specific niche targeted on the whole, which may have only recieved limited interest.

After the release of the posters, the trailer was created and then first broadcasted in May 2012. This ordering was effective, as the posters being introduced previous to the trailer meant that people already had a general idea of the film but were left questioning it until the release of the trailer, sparking excitement amongst viewers. This trailer used quoting extensively from credible review sources, which were very effective in that they were persuasive for viewers. The trailer summarised the film well in only 1 minute and 45 seconds whilst creating enigma code to entice the audience into watching the movie upon it's release.

As many of these promotional tools were being utilised, Ill Manors received a review called 'There Will be Blud' in the renowned film magazine, Empire, on it's website. This article review contained a 'Plot' and "Review' section, allowing readers to gain an insight into the content and also a 'Verdict' section, where the journalist gave their own opinion on whether the film is worth seeing. In this section, a generally positive yet honest piece was written, explaining that the film was ' a goodun' and that 'it has bags of style'. After this, an overall star rating of 3 out of 5 was awarded to the film, making it 'Good' on the review scale. This publicity was great for Ill Manors, as this persuasive article would have reached out to much of Empires extremely large readership, who would have gained a professional film critic's insight into the film.

The use of social media as a marketing and promotion technique was relied upon heavily for the release of Ill Manors. The reason that it was used with such success is that the main target audience for the film were predominantly adolescents and young adults. Interaction through social networking platforms was an ideal way to target this demographic, as they spend a lot of time on social media, and will therefore take notice of the film advertisements, making them susceptible to watching the film at the Box Office. The main social media platform was Facebook, which gained 31,609 likes
. The content on the Ill Manors page involved the posting of posters, trailers and exclusive content. This also acted as a great platform for fan interaction, and allowed fans to ask questions and feel more involvement in the movie. Twitter was also used extensively by the distribution company, 
. This was also also a very interactive platform as fellow fans could communicate and connect with one another through the use of hashtags, which spread awareness of the film further.

Another platform that allowed interaction as well as announcement opportunity was the creation of the website 'www.illmanors.com'. Generally, it is rare for films to have corresponding websites, so this made Ill Manors unique, and set it apart somewhat from competitors. The website contains lots of persuasive content such as reviews and videos, but also informative content, such as a synopsis and pieces about Ben Drew (Plan B), giving the audience an idea of the film's background and the context of it's production. Furthermore, the website provides links to buy physical copies of Ill Manors, which means that they can continue to generate revenue as people continue to use the website.

Just before the film was released, it was premiered In London's Leicester Square on May 30th. This was a very high profile event, with celebrity figures such as Ed Sheeran, Example and Tiny Tempah all in attendance. The fans of each of these people subsequently also took notice in the event. This occasion received a large amount of media coverage, with newspapers such as The Daily Mail producing a spread about it and the celebrities involved. This press coverage was great publicity for the film as the Daily Mail is has one of the highest readerships of newspapers in the UK, so many of the readers would have been made aware of the film from the coverage of the premiere.

Ill Manors was nominated for a number of awards in various film festivals. For example, the British Independent Film Awards,  Manchester Film Awards, Toronto International Film Awards, Official Selection Vanguard, Festival Rio, Stockholm Film Festival and the Zagreb Film Festival, The London Critics Circle Film Awards (2 nominations) and finally the Dinard British Film Festival, where it won two awards (Technicolour Award for Cinematography and Coup de Coeur). The nominations for these festivals meant that the films were being shown to a large audience of critics and film enthusiasts free of charge. This allowed people to gain opinions of the film and made it a big talking point amongst the film industry, which raised awareness massively all over the world.


In conclusion, Ill Manors marketing methods were particularly effective leading to the huge success of the film, despite its relatively low budget. These promotional methods were most successful as they reached out to and raised the awareness of a vast audience using mass marketing techniques, whilst also specifically targeting a niche audience, through the use of social media etc. The range of techniques also ensured that many people knew about the film before it's release, meaning that subsequently, more people purchased tickets at the box office.